Supercomputers Tech Weather Forecasting Tools

If youve seen this recent  Intel commercial, you may be asking, whats a supercomputer and how does science use it?   Supercomputers are extremely powerful, school-bus-sized computers. Their large size comes from the fact that theyre  comprised of hundreds of thousands (and sometimes millions) of processor cores. (In comparison, your laptop or desktop computer runs one.) As a result of this collective computing capacity, supercomputers are immensely powerful. Its not unheard of for a supercomputer to have a  storage space capacity in the neighborhood of 40 petabytes or  500 tebibytes of RAM memory. Think your 11 teraflop (trillions of operations per second)  Macbook is fast? A supercomputer can reach speeds of tens of petraflops—thats quadrillions of operations per second!   Think of everything your personal computer helps you do. Supercomputers do the same tasks, only  their kicked-up power allows for volumes of data and processes to be researched and manipulated.   In fact, your weather forecasts are possible because  of supercomputers. Why Meteorologists Use Supercomputers Every hour of every day, billions of weather observations are recorded by weather satellites, weather balloons, ocean buoys, and surface weather stations around the world. Supercomputers provide a home for this tidal wave of weather data to be collected and stored.   Supercomputers not only house volumes of data, they process and analyze that data to create weather forecast models. A weather model is the closest thing to a crystal ball for meteorologists; its a computer program that models or simulates what the atmospheres conditions could be at some time in the future. The models do this by solving a group of equations  that govern how the atmosphere acts in real life.  In this way, the model  is able to approximate what the atmosphere is likely to do before it actually does it. (As much as meteorologists enjoy doing advanced math, like calculus and differential equations...the equations used in models are so complex, it would takes weeks or months for them to solve by hand! On the other hand, supercomputers can approximate solutions in as little as an hour.) This process of  using model equations to numerically approximate, or forecast, future weather conditions  is known as  numerical weather prediction. Meteorologists use forecast model output as guidance when building their own forecasts. The output data gives them an idea of whats currently happening at all  levels of the atmosphere  and also whats possible in the coming days. Forecasters take this information into consideration along with their knowledge of weather  processes, personal experience, and familiarity with regional weather patterns (something a computer cant do) to issue your forecast. Some of the worlds most popular  weather forecast and climate monitoring models include the:   Global Forecast System (GFS)  North American Model (NAM)European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Model (European or ECMWF) Meet Luna and Surge Now, the United States environmental intelligence capabilities are better than ever, thanks to an upgrade of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA) supercomputers. Named Luna and Surge, NOAAs computers are the 18th fastest in the U.S. and among the top 100 most powerful supercomputers in the world. The supercomputer twins each have nearly 50,000 core processors, a peak performance speed of 2.89 petaflops, and process up to 3 quadrillion calculations per second. (Source: NOAA Completes Weather and Climate Supercomputer Upgrades NOAA,  January 2016.)   The upgrade comes at a pricetag of $45 million—a steep figure, yet a small price to pay for the more timely, more accurate, more reliable, and more detailed weather forecasts the new machines offer the American public. Could our U.S. weather resources finally be catching up to the renowned European model —the UKs bullseye-accurate model whose 240,000 cores  led it to accurately predict the path and strength of Hurricane Sandy nearly a week before it  hit the New Jersey coastline in 2012? Only the next storm  will tell.

Stem Cell Use and Research Essay - 590 Words

a. Stem cells are a very unique and useful medical advancement. The basic idea of a stem cell is: A cell that is able to differentiate into a specialized cell type. These are different from other cells, because each organ and body system has unique cells for their functions (Like how blood has red and white blood cells, while muscles have cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells). Stem cell aren’t specialized for any function or organ yet, but are able to differentiate into a unique cell type when needed. b. Furthermore, stem cells come from two main sources: Embryo, and Adult tissues. Adult stem cells are found in the body after embryonic development. they lie dormant or unable to divide until activated by an injury or disease. They†¦show more content†¦c. Diseases that benefit from the use of stem cells: Cancer, down syndrome, alzheimers, and possibly sickle cell disease. Diseases that can be treated by the use of stem cells: some forms of cancer, type 1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and even rheumatoid arthritis. d. There are a lot of moral and ethical issues raised when using stem cells. When harvesting embryonic stem cells scientist destroy the blastocyst before it can develop into a person. People also believe harvesting stem cells from an embryo is like murder, or abortion. Another issue people have is the creation of chimeras: an organism with both human and animal cells and tissues. Stem cell research sometimes require injecting human stem cells in animals or vise versa. Some people are against the creation of an organism that is â€Å"part human† or a human that is â€Å"part animal†. Embryo stem cell harvesting has been made illegal in most european countries. In the U.S. it is illegal for the government to fund the research of stem cell lines that were created after August 2001. e. Positive effects of stem cell research are treatments of cell diseases, the ability to generate specific organs when needed. Also the ability to generate more cells to organs where cells can’t necessarily divide. Negative effects are ethically based like the fact that the use of embryonic stem cells require harvesting and destroying human embryos. Another is the idea that stem cellShow MoreRelatedEmbryonic Stem Cell Research And Current Use1769 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscussion in this report is ESCR (embryonic stem cell research) and current use. This issue causes controversial concerns because the first isolation of the embryo was in 1998, which is still very recent and the policies around it are grey areas. Many countries including the United States of America have removed funding because of issues that have risen due to religious, ethical and legal formalities. 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Ethically, stem cell research has caught more attention than the research behindRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells1144 Words   |  5 Pagesadvance each day, the use of stem cells, in regards to research, is becoming extraordinarily prevalent. I believe that the use of stem cells is unethical to a certain extent. Stem cells are cells that are able to renew themselves as well as the ability to generate specialized cells. Scientists refer to these tiny, magnificent cells as stem cells because many different types of cells can stem from them. Stem cells have the ability to develop into other cell types that mature into cells that have specializedRead MoreIs Stem Cell Research Ethical?1252 Words   |  6 Pages Is Stem Cell Research Ethical? The question that has been asked so many times, is stem cell research ethical? To argue ethics over this topic, one must first know what a stem cell is.Stem Cells are â€Å"cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells† (Stem Cell Basics: Introduction). The National Institutes of Health say that stem cells are distinguished for two different reasons. The first is â€Å"they are unspecialized cells capable of renewingRead MoreStem Cell Research Debate1119 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stem Cell Research Debate There are only a small number of issues that are controversial as far as the public, the government and scientists are concerned. The father of all issues, however, is the debate that revolves around the ethics of stem cell research. Stem cells can be defined as those cells in an embryo that essentially give rise to the entire organism (Capra, 1999). In the contemporary world of today, the issue of embryonic stem cell research is one of this controversial significant

The Skin Moisture Levels Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

This review looks at the diary referenced1, to understand whether the methodological analysis and consequences published are realistic and are able to lend to the pattern of occupational wellness and wellness and safety in general. It considers whether or non the information and consequences given, is indifferent and that the information provided and recorded from the experiments, utilizing specific sets of voluntaries and the methodological analysiss applied along with the equipments and stuffs that were utilised on that juncture, is consistent with the purposes of the diary. The review itself has been approached and written by the writer utilizing the IMRaD ( Introduction Methods Results and Discussion ) format to show the review in a structured format giving suited remark where it is believed that more information could hold been made available. We will write a custom essay sample on The Skin Moisture Levels Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Drumhead The diary is biased towards one peculiar piece of equipment that is used to make skin measurings ; sentiments are formulated from a group of writers from the same company. Data is collected in a signifier of a questionnaire and ocular observations recorded but unavailable to the reader. The diary mentions ‘Studies ‘ have been undertaken, but there is no grounds from any of them to assist find whether the methods used on this juncture were appropriate. Mention to allow usage of baseball mitts is hapless and despite the diary being requested by a pharmaceutical company there is small utile information on the usage of creams. On a positive note ; the diary does recognize that more consciousness and instruction is required by both employee and employer. Review Introduction The undermentioned text is the full abstract from the diary under review which sets out the ground for the survey by the writers: ‘The purpose of this survey was to set up whether those working in certain businesss had skin with lower wet content than would be considered normal. Skin wet degrees were measured every bit good as ocular appraisal. Consequences indicated that all occupational groups studied had tegument that was less good hydrated than would be considered normal, although there were important inter-individual fluctuations within any one group. These fluctuations were at least every bit important as business. Awareness of the demand to utilize baseball mitts as protection against chemicals and to utilize creams to reconstruct status was low, as was compliance’.1 Methods The diary has been read by the review writer to understand what the diary writers are trying to convey to the reader. It is marked where the referee has considered that a full apprehension is required to be certain of the justification for the diary to hold been produced and later published. Where possible, literature has been sourced and referenced to help in the apprehension of the capable affair and besides to offer up any other information which may hold proven utile or may propose that the diary is non conveying every facet of information pertinent to the chosen capable affair. This literature has been sourced through Library ‘s online installations but largely by utilizing the Internet Search Engine ‘GoogleTM ‘to bring up certain articles associating to the capable affair including referenced information about the setup used on the test voluntaries. Consequences It has been established early on into the diary that the conducted probe of the capable affair had been requested by a Pharmaceutical company called Crookes Healthcare 2 who appear to be situated in Nottingham UK. However, no information was readily available sing this company apart from contact inside informations as their cyberspace sphere site appeared was inactive and was advertised as ‘domain available for sale ‘ at the clip of this review being produced. The diary addresses a really of import topic affair which gives concern to non merely Occupational Health Practitioners and Advisers but besides Health A ; Safety Professionals in general along with the medical community. The information and decisions are non merely derived from experiments but referenced from a figure of articles and books largely based on the capable affair of Epidemiology. Mention is besides made to a company ‘Hill A ; Knowlton ‘ 3 who advertise themselves as a public dealingss and public personal businesss web and one facet of their operation is to help with clinical tests enlisting within their Healthcare A ; Wellbeing section. A sum of 132 voluntaries have been selected from office workers, hairstylists, pre-school nursery staff and catering staff. Apart from the office workers, the businesss were selected as they are seemingly known to hold high degrees of occupational contact dermatitis being subjected to chemicals that have a fatting consequence and being exposed to wet work. The office workers were selected to seek to set up whether working in modern air-conditioning offices might demo similar effects. It is non instantly stated why the baby’s room staff were selected but it does become evident subsequently in the diary that they are subjected to crisp altering but in general a good government of have oning suited baseball mitts appeared to be observed. The enlisting administrations appeared non merely to supply full clip workers but besides parttime / impermanent workers ( pupils ) for these tests, which consisted of both work forces and adult females of assorted ages and presumptively with different tegument types. However, the periods of exposure to the voluntaries except the office workers would most likely been well varied during their existent working times. Specifically, this would use to pupils, who would hold besides been in categories analyzing and therefore non ever subjected to the jeopardies related with occupational tegument disease for 8 hr periods every twenty-four hours. Interestingly, there is no reference of what other substances the voluntaries may hold been subjected to during their ain clip ( avocations and other physical involvements participated in ) ; that is outside of the workplace environments which may or may non hold a bearing on the consequences of such a survey. The diary besides mentions that Studies suggest that low skin wet degree predisposes to the development of irritant contact dermatitis.1, but there is no existent grounds provided of which surveies are really being referred to. However, it was on this footing that the writers felt it of import to set up to what extent workers in the selected businesss had lower than normal skin wet degree compared to other occupations.1 Discussion The four writers of the diary are from a household based company with what appears to hold a good background in Occupational Skin Management 4, and they have been peculiarly selective in their usage of a Corneometer A ® system from Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH ( Model CM825 ) for the measuring of skin hydration. As stated on their web site â€Å" In 1997 EnviroDerm Services stepped into the universe of skin analysis when they became involved with Courage A ; Khazaka electronic and their high quality scope of tegument analysis equipment † .4 There are in fact a figure of different commercial contraptions that appear to be available which have non been considered at any clip during these peculiar tests ( The usage of Internet Search Engines such as ‘GoogleTM ‘ will easy place such setup if the user inputs cardinal words ) . The writers have established that occupational tegument diseases form a big portion of occupational disease with the most common signifier being irritant contact dermatitis.1, 5 with adult females being more affected than work forces. However, farther reading from one of the sourced mentions indicates that experimental surveies of skin annoyance have non confirmed differences between the sexes ; therefore, the higher prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis among females is most likely due to exposure, occupational and non-occupational. Nickel allergic reaction is the most common contact allergic reaction which appears to be most frequent in immature females, and in 30-40 % consequences over clip in manus eczema 5. Nickel is found in most metal and metal plated objects such as kitchen utensils, scissors, costume jewelry, tickers, spectacle frames, buckles, slide fasteners, fasteners, coins, white gold and some industrial film editing fluids. 6 Certain nutrients besides contain hints of Nickel. Hand eczema has an impact on quality of life and females seem to describe a higher grade of uncomfortableness than males. To accomplish the optimum consequence of preventative attempts sing occupational tegument disease, the focal point for bar should take at cut downing wet exposure.5 Hand eczema is in fact ne’er mentioned in the diary which is surprising given that up to 1 in 10 people suffer from this status. There is nevertheless mention to literature which covers intervention for a signifier of skin annoyance, and therefore it can merely be assumed that none of the participants were recorded as enduring from this status, which is easy recognizable by its expression and the countries around the custodies that it usually infests itself. 7 Some informations from ocular appraisals has been obtained which concluded that a figure of participants in the test did so hold visual-apparent tegument jobs and these were recorded on a questionnaire signifier. There is besides reference that peculiarly in winter during dry and blowy conditions this can in fact consequence in wet loss and once more nameless surveies are stated as demoing that really low humidness can besides hold such an consequence. 1 Unfortunately there is no reference of what clip of twelvemonth the test took topographic point and or any information about the environment in which the measurings were taken. Besides, the diary writers indicates that their feeling was that the voluntaries were of the mentality that they have dry tegument but it did non match with measurings taken apart from the providing workers who tended to hold cracked tegument and what appeared to be contact dermatitis and were in fact aware of their ain tegument conditions. There is much information provided about skin harm, low and hapless tegument wet and that ocular appraisal is an unsure index of overall conditions of skin disease and harm and that the accent should be placed on measurings of tegument conditions.1 The usage of baseball mitts and creams was besides discussed in the diary but nil is stated ( but may hold been recorded on the questionnaire signifier ) , sing what direction, counsel and preparation if any was given by the participant ‘s employers. With regard to baseball mitts, foremost the questionnaire asked about the usage of baseball mitts non merely at work but besides at place specifically about utilizing chemicals, and this was recorded as baseball mitt use being highly hapless as half the participants ne’er used them at all and merely a little proportion used baseball mitts when managing chemicals. It is recorded that more than three quarters of the hairstylists did non utilize any baseball mitts which is surprising given the sum of chemicals and detergents that would be handled daily in this business. The two groups that used baseball mitts on more occasions were the office and pre-school baby’s room workers. Lack of cognition of creams along with the usage of creams appeared besides to be really low with less than half the participants utilizing none and a really little sum merely utilizing it on occasion. However, the diary states that there is clinical grounds to back up the position that the usage of creams can be used in both intervention and bar of dry tegument and irritant contact dermatitis. The diary does indicate out that employers should promote the usage of creams within its wellness and safety scheme for the workplace but the job with creams as stated in the diary is that it has to be applied on a regular basis for any utile consequence. What is really surprising is that there is no mention to the preventive benefits of utilizing appropriate baseball mitts, surely for short term exposure ; except where it was conveyed by those participants who had been advised that it was compulsory to utilize them, in peculiar the pre-school baby’s room staff where good hygiene steps non merely for the worker but besides the kids in their attention had been decently recognised. Contribution to Practice A batch of the ‘Discussion ‘ subdivision in the diary has been supplied by the writers through the tests that were undertaken and from their ain professional cognition shop. The usage of a Corneometer A ® system 8 to roll up the information is a important factor in the part to the overall findings as it has turned up some interesting consequences for the skin wet degrees within the group of participants. Along with this, the diary has besides highlighted person ‘s behavior towards the usage of baseball mitts and creams as described and supported by the tabular arraies of informations produced within the article. The usage of referenced acknowledged plants has besides provided some consistence with agring statements but some underpinning information has been either missed or omitted. This diary does nevertheless positively province that there is still really much more ‘awareness and instruction ‘ required to be conveyed to both employee and employer in these peculiar businesss sing best patterns in occupational tegument direction. How to cite The Skin Moisture Levels Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Health Information Management of A Strategic Resource

Question: Describe about the Health Information for Management of A Strategic Resource? Answer: In National Health Services, the healthcare services are responsible for the retrieval, evaluation, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data and information. This ability of NHS allows the healthcare organisations to plan and deliver care services to diverse group of patients and specialized care services. It is estimated by Department of Health, (2007) working in the NHS, it is less common for individuals to enter the information management roles directly from outside sources. Moreover, professionals and managers from areas like health informatics are required to have experience in the audit facilitation, information analysis, coding and data managing, information governance, planning and performance management, and public health intelligence management. This assignment is aimed to explore the strategies, interventions, roles and responsibilities, of NHS professionals in increasing confidence in their clients, improving quality of living of patients, and helping them in ma naging their clinical conditions more effectively, by following a set of framework equally efficient in maintaining balance between stakeholders, information strategies and care planning networks. Understand how to assess information and knowledge needs Discuss the range of decisions to be taken National Health Services are learning new means of delivering medical services due to technological advancement. In this regard, decision making is considered as a crucial part, as decision making happens at all levels of successful organisation. Moreover, the assigned managers look for areas that need improvement to maximize productivity and results. The chain of decision makers at all levels is governed by separate managerial positions or consultants are responsible for the smooth flow of operations within the National Health Services. These managers are expert of their field and their decisions always help clients to make the best out of the business (Abdelhak et al., 2015, nd). With the help of Decision Support Tool, various decisions are made by NHS in case of inconsistent decision making. This includes reviewing of decisions that are made on eligible grounds by an individual. NHS has the right to deny for a service or treatment that is highly expensive in nature with very less amount of benefit (The Independent, 2015). NHS also follows shared decision making that leads to the healthcare after conversation between patient and professional.The success of a healthcare company depends on its managers and decision makers, who will make sure that all their patients and clients needs and queries are addressed on time. They also analyse the external environment and will make changes in their approaches to stay ahead in the competition. Examine the information and knowledge needed to ensure effective decision taking For effective decision making information is very important. It is a vital component that allows the manager to make accurate and timely decisions regarding the healthcare business and its functions. The success or failure of a healthcare organisation depends on how managers use the information and make decisions in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. For effective decisions, managers make sure that they are certain about the available information. For example: A Pharmaceutical Company, employees work closely with the clients as a team worker, to achieve maximum potential. Also, when making decisions manager has to keep in mind the risk, certainty and uncertainty. Managers at National Health Services will try to gather and analyse as much information as possible to reduce the risk and uncertainty (Lucas et al., 2013, p. 291). The decision making is affected on the basis of various factors such as evidence for other patients dealing with the same situation. The experience of illness and knowledge about patients preferences also acts as a level of function. Before jumping to a conclusion, shared decision making may be done for clinical decisions. Research information helps nurses in making clinical decision making. The research findings play an important role. The professionals must know through use of computers to draw IT sources (Thompson et al., 2015). The kind of information used in company depends on the time and requirement, the individuals are engaged with. It is believed in the company that it is the information that everyone has the right to manifest through freedom of expression and dissemination of thought oral or written, by any media, without permission, without censorship or impairment, according to the regulations of the law. Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding In decision making or in other processes, National Health Services are required to use the information from internal sources as well as external sources. Internal information is gathered within an organisation that helps the managers to use this information for future decision making. External information is collected from outside of the organisation i.e. from the patients, stakeholders, vendors, government etc. These days, National Health Services are using information technology and systems to store information from internal and external sources regarding patients medical records and clinical information. This helps the managers and decision makers to access the information for effective decision making in healthcare (Koh, Tan, 2011, p. 65). The use of IT saves the time of managers and provides information whenever they need. Information system combines the working of hardware, software, people, communication network and other systems that stores and transform information in an or ganisation. Internal stakeholders participate in the co-ordination and funding for health and well being partnership. The external stakeholders are engaged in contributing the issues important for patients, service users and members of local community. The internal members prepare for transition. They also support the establishment of structures and public accountability. The suppliers maintain confidentiality in NHS. There is development of mutual understanding and opportunities to reach local people (Pickstock, 2007). Justify recommendations for improvement At National Health Services, the managers use latest systems and technology to provide solution and services. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can help in increasing their productivity and business performance. By the induction of ICT Innovations in their healthcare organisation, and by introducing latest software, hardware and mobile devices that will reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of care delivery can improve the service quality (Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). Moreover, the improvement of living conditions and people's well-being can be improved by providing the continuum of care and support social network of vendors and stakeholders. Further, maintenance of people with loss of functionality or at risk of disability, where the therapeutic care and social support can be guaranteed necessary for the provision and maintenance of comfort and quality of life can be made possible by establishing interactive networks within healthcare organisations working under NHS. Discovery Interview Process may also be undertaken as it elaborates the level of satisfaction in patients with the services received. These narratives can be improved as collaboration. The narratives can also be used for gathering information for quality improvements. It is a sensitive method in inter professional teams for managing local quality improvements (Wilcock et al., 2003). Moreover, support, monitoring and technically suited to the respective hospital situation, the continuous improvement of quality in the provision of continuum of care and social support, support for family or informal carers in the respective qualification and provision of care, and the articulation and coordination network of care in different services sectors and above all, the prevention of gaps in services and equipment, the progressive national coverage, the needs of people in situations of dependency on integrated continuous care are essential components of successful healthcare organisation ( Mithas et al., 2011, p. 237). Be able to create strategies to increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision- making process Identify stakeholders for a decision-making process Corporate stakeholder is an individual or a group who can affect as well as been affected by the companys decisions. Similarly, without the support of stakeholders, the National Health Services is not being able to achieve its goals and it would cease to exist. Stakeholders are their clients, managers, employees, vendors, physicians and nurses who are looking to adapt technological changes in their workplaces in order to increase the efficiency and productivity (Lin et al., 2012, p. 1977). The stakeholders at NHS are identified as patient organization, individual participants, supplier organization, social care service provider, media, professional bodies and political organizations. These stakeholders respond to queries, seek feedbacks, develop information materials and transmit information to their networks. The stakeholders also support patients and carer members. The external stakeholders play a part in the supply chain. Direct support is provided by members of patient or carer o rganization (Palmer, 2013).Stakeholders play an important role towards the growth and improvement of the National Health Services. Stakeholders help the business and the managers to make good decisions and increase the productivity. Furthermore, the healthcare managers make sure that they stay connected to their clients through their experts to ensure quick and effective delivery of systems and processes. Make contact with those identified and develop business relationships The success of National Health Services is based on the abilities of its employees and the relationships between them and their clients. The managers believe that success will only come when the employees are provided with skills, the reputation amongst the business partners and organisations and the relationship approach to work with clients (Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). The identified stakeholders can be engaged by prioritizing and establishing relationship with them. The strategic goals can be defined by prioritizing the long list against goals. The need for stakeholders must be measured for success. The media can be contacted for meetings. Agenda must be presented at key meetings. Internal communication plan may be developed for improving relationships. Media coverage must be improved by monitoring complaints and observing common themes (Burke, 2013).For the success of healthcare business in todays world, the role of business partners like suppliers, vendors, distributors is very important as they support the day to day functions and ensure timely delivery of products and services to complete the task. The key proposition of healthcare company is organisational design, cultural change, learning-development and communications, and business change management (Gyllen et al., 2015, p. 23). The company must excel in these services to make them one of the best in the market. Involve those identified in the decision making as appropriate The National Health Services need to make sure that they remain completely independent and do not tie to specific vendors or other third party suppliers to ensure maximum effectiveness and exemplary results for their clients. For them clients satisfaction is most important as compared to their revenues. They need to aim to provide superior services that enhance their client experience and make goodwill about the company in the market (Schwalbe, 2013, nd). After prioritizing and establishment of goals and relationships, these can be used in decision making process. The services have to be designed accordingly as required by stakeholders. The priorities must be decided for identifying which areas of work would be done. The identified gaps in existing service provision must be put into improvements. Moreover, National Health Services most important stakeholders are their employees and building their skills as well as making them best at the top priority of the company. Knowledge and inf ormation of the clients are stored and recorded in the systems of Classic that will be used during the time of decision making. These information and knowledge will help them in deciding alternatives and assess best opportunities on time (Bryde et al., 2013, p. 971, Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). Clients satisfaction is their top priority and by making use of relevant information they can present best solutions to the clients. Design strategies for improvement The approach and philosophy of bringing improvement among their staff, employees, suppliers, and vendors is based on the fact to develop the decision making and productivity strategies. Stakeholders play an important role in todays competitive environment. Their analysis can bring positive results for the company. Also companies should build strong relationships with them in order to save cost and timely delivery of its products and services. In addition, the success of a project depends on the ability of the companys employees to work effectively with the clients and understand the problem properly to provide accurate solutions (Basu et al., 2012, p. 42). In this regard, communication between the company and its clients play a major role to bring effective results. Moreover, National Health Services adopt an open partnership approach to deliver best results for the clients and the company. The improvement programs undertaken by NHS is divided into various domains. A health check may be provided to eligible adults for primary care. Public awareness may be improved and early diagnosis may be provided. Engagement must be made to killer diseases. The transformational capability must be built for experiencing care delivery. New system for safety must be developed across NHS. These strategies would create a forward view that would rapidly share knowledge and expertise. Delivery may be designed at scale. The key stages of improvement cycle must be brought together and put into action (Hartley, 2015). Be able to develop communication processes Report on existing processes of communication in an organisation In National Health Services, series of developments are required to establish the main communication process and with this, they are connected to their local offices by different ways such as verbal, written and also through technological tools that include telephone, fax, email and other devices (Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). The National Health Services need to build an environment that supports its employees to work better. The organisation need setup all new means of communication within the company to enhance the working conditions. The companies need to be more focused towards its clients and industries, they conduct meeting and conferences to identify the issue and find the best solution (Cresswell Sheikh, 2013, p. 86). The approaches used by National Health Services include both structured and coordinated form to deliver the result. Apart from this, the company aim to attract, develop and retain the best people who work with the best clients of the industry on the programme o f change. The healthcare companies need to understand the importance of communication and work closely with their clients to deliver best results for them as well as for the company. There is a communication gap in the health system due to different conversations happening at the same time. There are three members in one clinical team where separates conversations happen between two individuals. The main communication processes are face to face, telephonic conversations, email and letters. Security protocol is a vital factor in health care system. For patients, privacy is a major concern. One must not have access to patients medical history. NHS has established a fair system to ensure security protocols. The interaction system built by them are designed in a way that other cannot interrupt. The clashing cultures also act as hindrance in the communication process. There is an acute mindset among people that leads to failed integration efforts. There is an informal link between practi tioners and strong patients. This is for recruitment and retention of mechanisms (Coiera, 2006). Design ways to improve appropriateness In todays diverse environment where changes take place abruptly, a quick and clear mechanism needs to be developed by establishing a clear two-way communication channels. Accuracy can be improved by dividing all the internal and external players of the organisation into segments and then using the most appropriate means of communication for each segment depending on the communication need of that segment. The organisation needs to make most important messages repetitive (Basu et al., 2012, p. 42). Apart from that a clear framework needs to be established as to who should one contact in different circumstances. Most importantly, employees should be provided with a comfortable way to share their queries and concerns. For fulfilling everything said above, communication trainings should be provided to the organisations employees in the form of a class, meeting or webinar. It will help in setting up the guidelines that will be provided to all the employees in order to communicate effectiv ely with managers, supervisors as well as co-workers (Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). By implementing these key changes, an organisation can significantly improve both its productivity and self-confidence of employees. Appropriateness may be improved by changing the design and development of proposals. The planning and development process may be changed in a constructive manner. Commissioners must actively change service design and change by identifying high quality services. There is a need for strong public engagement. The perspective needs to be consistent according to choice of the patient. Clinical evidence must be provided clearly along with support. The process to improve appropriateness is followed by designing a proposal to passing through various stages of discussion, assurance, consultation, decision making and implementation. The development and integration is a time consuming process. The design of electronic information systems fails at times due to lack of common standar ds. There is a fear of diminished privacy. Inadequate training exists among employees at NHS. Implement improvements to ensure greater integration of systems of communication in that organisation In order to ensure integration between the systems of communication, a separate multi-disciplinary communication expert with core competencies in persuasion, message design, training, information technology, and business process reengineering and performance assessment will be hired. The communication expert is going to evaluate the communication needs of the organisation as well as the current problems they are having in communication. This person would work with representative staff from the target audience to examine the existing situation, to prototype and to assess interventions (Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). For a large organisation, a team is required comprising of similar kind of experts. It may exist in one or many different departments according to the research needs. Effective communication may be established by evidence formed decision making process. The methods involved in evidence based clinical practice include delivery of healthcare and integration. Comprehensive serv ices may be provided by identifying the degree of integration. The patient focus may be service planning and improvement based for different health care providers. The geographic coverage must be expanded to reach through different communication channels. The interprofessional teams must develop ways to enhance communication so as to provide quality of care. There is a need to develop information systems for scheduling coordination and management of data. Processes and strategies may be established with an alignment of principles and structures for integration. These structures include co-location of services and information systems. Create a personal plan to improve own communication skills I think that the ability to communicate effectively at home, healthcare setting and life is the most vital set of skills a person needs. We all have those moments where we have failed to communicate our ideas or our communication ran into a barrier. While external barriers are beyond our influence, we can work to get rid of our internal barriers such as poor listening skills, fatigue, lack of confidence, poor language skills and so on. Therefore, if we can evaluate our present standard of communication skill and try to improve it, we can get much better in it. I aim to become a good communicator to bring more productive results for myself and for the company I work. I will try to connect with others on a personal level if possible and will develop a positive attitude which is important for a productive communication. I will try to focus on the result, this will help me in staying focused and directed towards the goal. Last but not the least, I will request for feedback and will prefe r follow up. Communication skill means the ability to convince others by the words, logic or thinking procedure. For improving the communication skill, the first thing that needs to do is the improvement of the listening skill. Most of the people often forget that if they don't listen first then how they can able to tell their view. The next thing is to maintain humility in the communication procedure. All persons make mistakes in their life so if one knows that he is wrong at any point then he should try to rectify his fault and learn the correct one without any hesitation. The most important thing for improving the communication skill is the proficiency of the language in which the person is communicating. The communicator should always have a good gesture and smiling face at the time of making the communication (McSherry, Simmons and Abbott, 2002). Be able to improve systems relating to information and knowledge Report on existing approaches to the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge Since, National Health Services, information comes from two sources that are internal and external. While it can be in formal or informal form collected through primary or secondary means. Formal form includes annual reports or spending pattern of clients whereas, informal form includes newspaper, media or other rumours from the market. Formal information is more accurate but informal information is more critical for the company as it can speculate future trends based on that information. Similarly, both forms of information can either be collected by the company itself or through secondary sources such as government data, newspapers or competitors data (Basu et al., 2012, p. 42). The information is then formatted, and then timely dissemination of that information takes place using IT system. The National Health Services need to have their own customized business ERP system that integrates information inside as well as outside the organisation in a timely manner. The information is m ainly collected from two sources the primary source and the secondary source. The information that is derived from the activities is known as the primary information, and the information that already exists is known as the secondary information. All these types of information are useful for the users as they can take the decision as per the information provided to them (McSherry, Pearce and Tingle, 2011). Earlier the information collection procedure is based on the oral and written communication medium such as information published in journals, but now with the advancement of the technology the ERP system has been developed. Now for each and every organization it is very easy to transfer the information from one source to another, and the information is also having 24 hours accessibility. It makes the decision making procedure faster. Carry out appropriate changes to improve the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge A system can only be deemed effective if it allows the National Health Services to make better decisions. So its not just about quantity of information but quality is also very important for the organisation. The information should be available in a concise manner that can easily be comprehended. Similarly different stakeholders are likely to have different information needs, so information should be managed in a way that appropriate information must be passed on to the relevant person. So information needs to be presented to different people in different way and often using different medium as well. Similarly, we cant ignore the time factor when we talk about information management. Therefore, the information must to be collected and shared in a given frame of time in order to transform that piece of information into a full advantage for the organisation. Last but not the least, standard process needed to be established for communication where all the employees must be excellently t rained for using the communication tools. As already stated information is needed for the purpose of effective decision making. The ability to provide the information is not based on the quantity of the information. Rather the quality is very important in this regard. There are more than one users of the information, and they have a different need. For example, the government may be more interested in tax related information of the company whereas the shareholders find more interest in the dividend payment. So the information must be structured in such a way that can fulfill the requirement of all the parties (Khosrow-Pour, 2005). Implement a strategy to improve access to systems of information and knowledge There were times when the National Health Services used to manually handle the information. We are living in an era of information technology where managing information is very easy. Each organisation has unique communication needs and I think traditional IT software wont do the job. Therefore, in order to improve access to systems of information and knowledge, I would recommend a well-integrated and customized IT-based business solution made with the help of a thriving IT company to meet the ground level needs of the National Health Services. Every employee will get the hand-on training on this new business software to get familiar with it (Basu et al., 2012, p. 42). The only downside would be the cost related to install this business solution, but I would like to call it an investment rather than the cost, because sooner or later it would pay off. Furthermore, the software must be properly supported by fast internet and intranet services to ensure quick access and dissemination of information (Lucas et al., 2012, p. 134). Digital Programme may be implemented as a strategy in improving access to informations and knowledge. Training must be provided to people at NHS for accessing and discovering the usage of information technology. They must also be provided with training for appropriate usage of internet so that nurses can conduct a research when required. This research process would help in taking clinical decisions when required. This would expand knowledge and evidence. Information systems would also support communities and practice knowledge sharing. Bureaucracy may be improved through the use of intranet. Approvals may be gained for usage of forms. Feedback must be taken into consideration for improvement of services (Freed et al., 2015). References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S., Hanken, M. A. 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